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Two prominent human rights organizations, the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and Peru’s Association for Human Rights (APRODEH), have taken a significant step by submitting a communication to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Their submission alleges that Peru’s President Dina Boluarte and members of her government are culpable for crimes against humanity. These charges stem from the tragic deaths of 49 individuals during widespread protests that unfolded across Peru between December 2022 and February 2023. The protests, sparked by the impeachment of former President Pedro Castillo, escalated into a crisis marked by allegations of state-sponsored violence and excessive use of force against demonstrators, predominantly young men from indigenous communities.

The communication to the ICC marks the initial stage in a process that could lead to a formal investigation by the court. According to the FIDH and APRODEH, the victims were predominantly peaceful protesters or individuals perceived as such, whose rights to protest were allegedly met with lethal state response. The accusations point directly at state authorities, including the Peruvian Army and National Police, accusing them of executing a state policy that either planned or, at minimum, condoned the violence against civilians.

President Boluarte has consistently denied personal responsibility for the violence, emphasizing that security forces operated independently under their own protocols. However, the human rights groups assert that the use of lethal force was indiscriminate and targeted individuals who posed no threat to security personnel, as evidenced by reports from organizations like Amnesty International. The ongoing investigation by Peru’s Prosecutor’s office into these events underscores the gravity of the allegations, including charges of genocide and serious human rights abuses.

The submission to the ICC is viewed by many in Peru as a critical step toward seeking justice for the victims and holding accountable those responsible for the tragic events of 2022-2023. As the international community awaits the ICC’s response to the communication, tensions remain high within Peru, with families of the deceased and human rights advocates demanding transparency and accountability from their government. This article explores the background, legal implications, and humanitarian dimensions of the case, shedding light on the complexities of pursuing justice for alleged crimes against humanity in a politically charged environment.